Egypt

 

Egypt

Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization in the north-east of Africa. Ancient Egyptians civilization centered on the banks of the Nile River in what is now known as the Arab Republic of Egypt. Egyptian civilization began around the year 3150 BC, when King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt, and then evolved over the subsequent three millennia. Historically included a series of politically stable Kingdoms, punctuated by periods of relative stability are called intermediate periods. Ancient Egypt reached the peak of civilization in the era of the modern state, and then entered the country in a period of slow decline. Egypt was attacked in that period by many foreign powers, and officially ended the rule of the Pharaohs while Romanian Empire invaded Egypt and made it one of its provinces.Derived success of ancient Egyptian civilization in the ability to adapt to the Nile River Valley conditions. And helped flood forecasting and control over their damage in the production of agricultural crops and ample contributed to the social and cultural development. The authorities With the availability of the necessary exploitation of minerals in the valley and desert areas surrounding material, and has developed an independent writing system, and organized collective construction and agricultural projects, as well as trade with the surrounding areas, and to strengthen its military forces military to defend against enemies abroad and confirm the dominance of Pharaonic on the country. Has been organizing these activities and are stimulated by a group of bureaucrats, religious leaders and administrators under the control of the pharaoh who was keen on cooperation and unity of the Egyptians in the context of an elaborate system of religious beliefs.Achievements included the ancient Egyptians quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building massive pyramids, temples and obelisks, in addition to a practical and effective system of mathematics in medicine. And irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, and the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass painting technology, and new forms of literature, and the first known peace treaty. Ancient Egypt has left a lasting legacy. And copied and imitated Egyptian civilization, art and architecture on a large scale in the world, quotes effects to distant parts of the world. And inspired the ruins and remains of passengers and fiction writers for centuries, and in the early discoveries led to talk about the effects of fossils and Egyptian era to the scientific research of the Egyptian civilization manifested itself in the science called Egyptology, and further appreciation of their cultural heritage in Egypt and the worldIn the late Paleolithic, climate shift in North Africa gradually to heat and drought, forcing residents of the region to focus on the length of the Nile Valley, and since that primitive man began to live in the region in the late Pleistocene since 120 000 years old, became the Nile lifeline in Egypt . Fertility accompanied with the flooding of the Nile gave people the opportunity to develop the agricultural economy and strengthen the stability of the central society has become, as some sponsors cornerstone in the history of human civilization.Relationship of ancient Egypt, YemenCharacterized the relationship between Egypt and Yemen foot, due to its roots prehistoric days, and these relations have diversified to include aspects of political, economic, cultural and educational.• Political and economic relations: the latest Muhammad Ali radical changes in the regulations that existed before he came to power in Egypt and Yemen, which included agriculture, industry and trade, and the most important belongings mutual trade of goods between Egypt and Yemen, as well as the role played by the Egyptian and Yemeni ports in flourishing business process between the two countries and the currency used in trade, as well as weights and measures and the most important variables of them occurred in a context of each country under the rule of a single ruler.• Cultural Relations: an essential pillar of the relations between the two countries to two main factors: first occurrence of the two countries under the rule of a big country and one the beginning of the Islamic state and the Arab Umayyad and Abbasid and Fatimid and passing state Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman through to the Egyptian state, and the second factor the exchange of scientific visits by students and scholars from During the Al-Azhar Mosque, which was and still is a major Arab Islamic Foundation documenting the bonds of love and understanding between people of different peoples. • Social Relations: Social has been the opening up of members of the Egyptian gathered and right on each other and their deployment in most neighborhoods and streets, villages and cities of the two countries, the role of the friction and daily deal through various economic activities to consolidate the social relations among them, and then the similarity of many of the customs and traditions which are still is part of the People's legacies. Yemeni-Egyptian relations are deeply privileged and historic Egyptian role can not be ignored during long periods and support the Egyptian. Formed privacy in the Yemeni-Egyptian relations, overlapping several correlation factors, most notably the historical and cultural factor, strategic, security and working very old Egyptian-Yemeni relations, and perhaps the oldest evidence which points to continue the two countries had received Egyptian Emperor Tuthmosis III, a gift from dealers Spian traders Yemeni President supplier of Incense to ancient Egyptian templesBefore the beginning of the era before the families, the Egyptian arid climate Qahla was less than it is today. And covered savanna and large areas of Egypt and traversed herds of grazing ungulates. The animal and plant wealth more abundant now than in all regions, and helped the Nile River region in the proliferation of groups of waterfowl. Fishing was popular among Egyptians in that period, which was also the domestication of animals, many of themTraditional peoples Anakadh jar used in the pre-dynastic era.In about 5000 BC, lived in small tribes in the Nile Valley and grew and developed a series of cultures that were agriculture and animal husbandry controlled, in addition to the collection of pottery and private property has been found. The largest of these civilizations are Badari culture in Upper Egypt, which is known for high-quality Balsramek, and stone tools, and the use of copper.In the north, followed Badari civilizations Omratiyan and Gerzean, which showed a number of technological developments. During the period of civilization Agheirzaan, early evidence proved the existence of contact with Canaan and Byblos coast.In the south, and Azat civilization Anakadh Badari culture, and began to expand along the Nile by about 4000 BC in the early during Anakadh civilization, the ancient Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, which has been used in the transfer of feathers, among other things. Over a period of about 1000 years, civilization Anakadh evolved from a small farming communities into a powerful civilization had led full control over people and resources in the Nile Valley and effort Anakadh leaders to extend their control over Egypt to the north along the Nile River to establish centers of power in Harakounپolas then at Abydos and traded with Nubia in the south, and the oases of the Western Desert in the west, and the cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea in the east.Anakadh peoples made a variety of precious commodities, in a reflection of the increase in energy and wealth in the elite class, which included paint pottery vases and decorative stone of high quality, and paintings and jewelry made of gold and ivory Alpd. They also developed a ceramic glaze known Bagayhana which was used in Roman times to decorate cups, amulets and statues. Prior to the end of the pre-dynastic period, the peoples Anakadh initiated the use of written symbols that would at the end of the matter to the full development of the system of the language of hieroglyphics to write the ancient Egyptian language.

The Earth Day

The Earth Day

The Earth Day :

The Earth Day is the name of a celebration corresponding to two events: either the International Earth Day on 20 or 21 March (corresponding to the equinox) the Earth Day April 22, which was born in 1970 in the United States.The symbol of this event is a combination of the letters "E" and "O" for Environment and Organism, green on a white background

Origin:

The Earth Day every year marks the anniversary of the birth in 1970 of the environmental movement as we know it today. He was celebrated for the first time on 22 April 1970 when US Senator Gaylord Nelson encouraged students to develop outreach projects to the environment in their communities.Gaylord Nelson, senator from Wisconsin, proposed the first environmental major event in the US to shake the political world and force the inclusion of environmental issues in the national policy framework. "It was a gamble, but it worked," 1 he says. Indeed, the first Earth Day led to the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (EPA) and the adoption of the Law "Clean Air, Clean Water, and Endangered Species" . In 1990, under the auspices of the American environmentalist Denis Hayes, Earth Day has become a global event, mobilizing 200 million people in 141 countries and acting as a lever for global environmental issues. The Earth Day gave a huge boost to awareness campaigns for reuse and recycling and the Summit of the United Nations 1992 Earth in Rio de Janeiro.In Quebec, it is celebrated since 1995 by organizing a variety of outreach activities to environmental challenges.

Equinoctial day:

In February 1971, the UN Secretary General U Thant signs the proclamation of the International Earth Day. It is traditional to celebrate this day by sounding at the time of the equinox the bell of peace (Japanese Peace Bell), a bell offered by Japan to the United Nations.ParticipationThe Earth Day 2000 has reached (thanks to the Internet in particular) a record of participation. In 184 countries, it is estimated that the number of participants affected in one way or another was of the order of a few hundred million.In 2006, over 500 million people take action or participate in an event in the Day terre2. Over the years, Earth Day has become the most important environmental participatory event in the world.2012In Montreal, on Earth Day 2012, a combination of environmentalists, artists and organizations have invited Quebecers to a rally where they formed a huge humain3 tree. The number of participants was estimated at 300,000

Madonna makes out with Drake at Coachella

DENNIS QUAID FREAK OUT - FULL VIDEO

 

 

Hillary Clinton

Hillary Clinton

 

Hillary Clinton (October 26, 1947 -), US State of January 20, Secretary of State, 2009 to February 1, 2013. The major Democratic candidates for the US presidential election in 2008, but announced its withdrawal in front of his rival Barack Obama after the garrison competitions led to the resurrection of fear among those in charge of the party Democratic defections because obviously left by competition between party supporters. It was accepted by the Senator from New York from 3 January 2001. Before it was The First Lady after her husband, Bill Clinton became the second president Forty of the United States of America

His life:

I was born into a conservative family in Illinois, and his father encouraged him to grow, regardless of being a woman, where she participated in the election campaign in favor of the Republican Party since childhood. The gradual transformation began his political views to liberalism, after meeting with Martin Luther King in 1962, where he began to pay more attention to civil rights in the United States.During his studies at Yale University Law left the Republicans and has worked as a consultant for the poor. I met in college on Bill Clinton in 1971 and participated together in a campaign for Democratic candidates.His political careerBegan to engage in early politics since he was 13 when I took part in the election campaign for the Republicans in 1960. In 1971, she met Bill Clinton and worked with him in the next year advertising Democratic candidate Gore Makjvern. In 1974, a researcher involved in the investigation of the Watergate scandal that led to the resignation of President Richard Nixon.In 1993 and arrived at the White House as first lady arrived with her husband Bill Clinton for president. And was severely Dgoz after the Monica Lewinsky scandal. The weather has been accused of sterility and they did it to serve future policy objectives

Political Views:

Rejected the war in Iraq, and said that if she won the presidency Vstzhb Americans made all troops from Iraq and Afghanistan. It is also a supporter of Israel, said in an election rally during the election campaign, it will be removed Iran from the map if I thought about attacking Israel [2], it is also of the opinion that Iran is ill and publish terrorism, and stressed that if it won the election will prevent all attempts at nuclear Iran.Secretary of State in the Obama administrationOn December 1, 2008 President-elect Barack Obama announced his appointment as foreign minister in the new government, which begins January 20, 2009.Private lifeBill Clinton is married and only daughter Chelsea Clinton, and they have.

Books:

    Hard choices issued June 10, 2014

Bourgeoisie:

Bourgeoisie

Bourgeoisie :

The bourgeoisie is a social layer appeared in the 15th and 16th centuries, has the money and crafts capital, as well as have the ability to produce and control the society and state institutions to maintain their privileges and status, according to Karl Marx's theory.And more precisely the bourgeoisie is the dominant and ruling in capitalist society class, a non-productive layer but live from the surplus value of the workers, as the bourgeois are in control of the means of production class, and divide them Lenin into categories, where includes bourgeois describe several categories expire small Balbourgoazi they young entrepreneurs and owners of the workshops. It is worth mentioning here that the bourgeoisie is that the French Revolution alliance with workers and peasants layer, and then flipped on the principles of the First Republic the support of the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte, and thus took control of the bourgeoisie on the French Revolution management, having managed to overthrow layer nobility and clergy clergy, and managed an alliance with military control of the situation and quell the anger of the working class after the export of the internal crisis and conflict abroad occupation of Algeria as the first indicators of the beginning of the era of European colonialism as a result of economic, scientific and cognitive and intellectual, political and military superiority, given the increasing role of new popular categories, and expand the margin of freedoms and rights of European peoples in general, and loss regimes traditional authoritarian, which was based on the feudal aristocracy and the influence of the clergy, and ushered in new insights about life and the mechanisms of political and economic governance.Bourgeoisie is controlling the capital, according to this definition of Karl Marx. The meaning in French culture and origin of the word bourg any city residents who enjoy civil rights and their right to live in the cities they are the highest slide in the middle class, including employee and merchant Alnthblonsgar them. The bourgeoisie is a social layer among the many layers such as nobility and aristocrats layer

Beautiful instruments

Espionage

 Espionage

 Espionage :

A spy species and twisted ways in modern and ancient wars as well as it represents Terbsa "and imminent danger" to both sides of the war.The spy is a person who works in the rough or under the false slogan to get information about the military operations of the state to fight in order to get them to the enemy, they work at a time of war and peace and have access to information to promote the state Front spying for her, in the case of a new war in obtaining information about the evolution of military weapons in other countries and the status of modern technology, in order to strengthen the cooperation between nations on the strategic rules of conflict and control of spheres of influence, and take advantage of the political unrest in parts of the world, such as the problem of Palestine and Iraq by DDS strife and political conspiracies to serve the political and strategic interestsDate of espionage:There are documented incidents documented well involve spying on the history and may have been between the armies of China and India has been the use of espionage operations and assassinations and undercover agents, and the ancient Egyptians had organized espionage operations carefully structured, and the Hebrews use spies as well, and he spies system also Bags in Greek and Romanian empires through the centuries 13th and 14th, the Mongols have relied heavily on espionage in their conquests in Asia, Europe, and Japan was the feudal often used ninja to gather intelligence, spies and played an important role in England Elizabeth. He also created many of the modern means of espionage since then.Cold War has seen the extensive participation of the activities of espionage between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China and its allies, in particular related to nuclear weapons secrets. Recently, targeted the spy agencies and the illegal drug trade and those that are considered terrorists. Since 2008 and accused the United States of at least 57 defendants to try to spy on China.Spy punishment:1. Spy War punishment is death.2. Spy peace punishment is imprisonment for a certain period.Espionage targets:1-defining the strategic production and evaluation of natural resources (food, energy and materials)2-knowledge of the internal and external policies of the state3-agents employ often crews from the field of journalism, graduate students exchange of researchers, sociology, economic power strategy (production, research, manufacturing, and infrastructure)4-agents recruited from academia, science and technology businesses, and more rarely of technologists military intelligence and military capability (, defensive offensive, maneuver, sea, air and space)5-anti-spywareDefinition Spy doubleIs a spy who works for two at one time (Spy two faces) which is the smartest and the most dangerous types of spies can not succeed in this task only person who is characterized by intelligence and extreme cunning so he can earn the confidence of the parties and deceive each other at the same time and often life spy double are subject to any simple mistake is located inadvertently, but what achieved significant gains from this dangerous game it does not care even his life for what it gets from the funds of both countries.- Example of a double spy (George Blake) was an English diplomat and English intelligence agent in Germany during the second high-war, but at the same time he was a communist spying for Russia.Out of spies:Recruited to spy on their country and they have several reasons: -1. opposition to the doctrine of political or religious doctrines in their own countries.2. urgent need for money because of poverty or self weakness.3. love the night life, the red and nights offered to them by espionage.4. placed under de facto by the intelligence of their enemy, and threatened to reveal the work has already been committed, and seen by the intelligence in its own way. * Recipes perfect spy, recipes client even be good for his work, including: - 5. opposition to the rule of a tyrant is stealing their money and natural resources. 1. be a morale is high, and that possess the intelligence and good intuition and courage.2. characterized tact and good disposition and be active to do work that requires courage.3. Spy strongly characterized by memory: and registration information in his head without forgetting the love of adventure and knows how to treat people, how to discuss opinions, and that is available to him the operational capacity of the issues that need to be professional skill.4. be balanced emotion, which does not shake the emotional effects that are available to him the power and possibility under stressful circumstances and be patient quiet printing and good health.5. that are available to him the ability to cope with other people and work as an individual crew, and understand the weaknesses, and folly with others is the same with the disposal of weakness and folly points.6. How to know there are others in the spirit of cooperation, and be able to organize, manage and lead others and to be interested in the possibility of liability.7. To be precise in his work, Saeb opinion careful judgment knows how to make sense of the tongue and closes his mouth, honest secrets.8. to be bold, fast-moving tough coarse.9. be available to him the ability to observe everything, and to remember the precise details, and be able to prepare reports with skill and precision, and pleased, and that the estimated value of his remarks.10. be able to deception, and deception when this deception or misrepresentation, an urgent necessity.

    Said (Allen Dulles) in the book craft intelligence: some qualifications that must be available in the successful intelligence officer, namely: -1. You must be able to work with others under arduous conditions.2. You must learn how to distinguish between fact and fiction.3. You must have a curiosity and be able to differentiate between what is necessary and what is not necessary.4. must be a great deal of ingenuity and sophistication and must pay attention to the details and learn when to remain silent5. You must be able to express ideas clearly and shortcut and interesting way, and be understanding of other views and other ways of thinking, ways of other corps.6. You should not exaggerate in ambition or concern, in terms of the penalty in the form of personal fame or fortune, this will not get them in the work of the intelligence.7. You must do his best to obtain knowledge, whether in the arts, social sciences, especially in the science of history and geography.8. should be on the political consciousness, combines the talents of culture and cognition.9. must be flexible in thinking, the narrow-mindedness of the person does not create a successful man of intelligence.10. You must be able to balance between boldness and security measures.11. You must be a dream in a foreign language, especially the language of the region in which it operates.12. You must be aware of the psychological factors that determine human behavior as an individual in the community and have a darker innovation and his hobbies and help him to kill the boredom that marred as a result of the complexities and method of work.

Accidents

Accidents

Accidents :

Traffic accidents and traffic accidents are accidents that occur on the roads when a collision with another vehicle or a human or animal, or a collision in a center or other things, and are caused by this damage, accidents, injuries and human deaths.Among the reasons for this problem: a high speed when driving and jumped a red light and breach of traffic regulations or concern for the phone while driving, speeding and exacerbating the impact of not buckle plus the lack of traffic police to regulate traffic.The children are below the age of ten, the elderly and people with special needs of vulnerable traffic accidents due to the unavailability of adequate experience in treating Street and the need for those who help cut the street.Traffic accidents:Introduction: In fact, the mysterious incident often falls as a result of pilot error, and be the first in charge of receiving and better for the driver who is well known methods of prevention of mysterious incidents to avoid being a victim of it and there is a kind of mysterious dangerous incidents ranging thousands of deaths every year, but every day, these accidents occur for a car alone without participating in the other car, as recklessness and coup and slide collided and fixed objects such as trees, walls and other, and with the large number of such incidents day and night they realized to have a look inside the close relationship between the driver and the incident and this study based on study of the driver and the relationship.The shortage in the treatment of place as one of the most influential and cause accidents, traffic and lack of interest in most of the elements studies led the researcher to cover this deficit and seek importance of study as well as in the search for privacy site traffic accidents can contribute to an effective contribution to the identification of some of the real and hidden reasons for these incidents leading to avoid these reasons, reducing traffic accidents and dangers and consequences. Conductor:The impact on traffic accidents through the following points: - the physical state of the driver and its ability to react during a sudden event on the road to enter the visual acuity has on the steering wheel. (B) driver efficiency based on his experience and his followers the necessary actions while driving as giving the necessary signals cornering and taking into account the process of overtaking another car and so on. C - the mental state of the driver while driving an automobile or vehicle and its impact on leadership style that follows.The case of driver: driver status are often the main cause of accidents should be the driver being mentally receptive alert when a car driving, this care cases and surveillance affected by many factors, which increases the risk of fall in a collision or deterioration of incidents, and the most important influences in the driver: • vision problems. • hearing impairment. • exhaustion and fatigue and fear. • nervousness, somnolence and sedation. Although more effort by the government to ensure the safety of cars and improve roads and traffic systems the most important issues related to traffic safety in the hands of motorists remain because the driver is the primary cause of most of accidents. How to avoid accidents the driver ..? The driver is the human element in the incident, which is the main axis around which the factors that constitute a traffic accident is taking responsibility for leadership of the drive ability of other people requires training and practice, attentive and not affect to the driver's ability to avoid accidents, including: • Do not drive while fatigued and tired. • Not be infected with HIV reduces the efficiency of leadership. • Do not drive above the programmed rate. • Observe traffic rules. • Do not use strobe lights. • Keep a safe distance between him and the other cars. • awareness and understanding of traffic. • caution on the part of children and adults, while crossing the road.Duties to driver accidents: accident, the driver gives his colleague all the details necessary to know the identity of the vehicle. If the driver is found near the scene of a device to call an ambulance had to say about the incident and details of all that is known about him. Located in the driver's seat to tell the police as soon as possible at the scene and mentions your name and address and the names of the wounded and the place where the accident occurred. The driver passing near the scene of lifelong commitment not to continue the walk.Distribution of traffic accidents First, depending on the state of the road in 1976Types of accidents:Types of accidents are: run-over accidents: when the vehicle collided with a person going from the road. Collision: where the collision of two vehicles collide or another.The first two types are the most common. Incidents of degradation: the incidents in which the direction of motion of the vehicle the driver can not control it changed. Collision foreign body: the vehicle collides with a fixed object on the street, such as rocks and electricity poles and others. Collision animals; and where the vehicle collides with one of the passers by animals of the roadRoad deaths per kilometer for vehicles (deaths per one billion kilometers)Aware of death:Injury worldwide estimated in 2004 for the death of 1.2 million people (2.2% of all deaths) and 50 million others in the auto collision. India recorded 105,000 deaths and accidents in the year, followed by China with more than 96,000 deaths. This causes major car collision causes of death among children worldwide injury 10-19 (260,000 children die each year and another $ 10 million), and the sixth country in the rate of deaths can be prevented in the United States (45,800 people have been killed and 2.4 million injured in 2005) In Canada, are the cause of 48% of serious injuries.

Unemployment

 

Unemployment

 Unemployment :

Unemployment is an economic phenomenon began to appear significantly with the booming industry that unemployment had not felt in traditional rural communities. According to the International Labour Organization, the unemployed are all able and willing to work on it, and looking for him, but in vain. Through this definition, it is clear that not all students not working unemployed, the disabled and the elderly, pensioners and the lost hope of finding work and holders of temporary work and those in the essential work are not considered unemployed . Called unemployed experienced in eastern and Btala in Morocco.Unemployment rate:It is the ratio between the number of unemployed in the total labor force, a difficult rhythm to accurately explain. The unemployment rate varies by center (city or town) and by sex, age and type of education and academic level. And it can be calculated as follows:Unemployment rate = (number of unemployed divided by the number of active population), multiplied by one hundred.Labor participation rate = (labor force divided by the percentage actors) multiplied by one hundred.Types of UnemploymentYou can point to three main types of unemployment, namely:

    Cyclical unemployment (structural) and head of the resulting periodic financial system is always in transition between recovery and economic expansion and contraction and the economic crisis resulting in cessation of employment and ventilation on the crisis of displaced workers .
    Frictional unemployment is due to change jobs and sectors and regions or lack of professional information regarding employment opportunities available.
    Unemployment associated with the restructuring of the economy as a result of a change in the structure of demand for the products or technological advances or industries move to other countries in search of better operating conditions and for maximum benefit.
    Hidden unemployment, which is the state of an act of secondary lead does not provide a sufficient means of life, or if a few individuals working together at work can be done by one person or two.As a result of this failure, delayed age of marriage for young, how to marry a person has no income or source of income is spent on real beds? .. How to acquire a residence and housing needs of the furniture! How you paid the expenses of marriage? .. Although the young could potentially delay the age of marriage, the girl who was delayed by age and grew less demand for them.

        And delays in the age of marriage, society is exposed to a more serious problem, which is the moral corruption, and this is what we have seen has spread alarmingly, and sometimes moral corruption, trying to hide behind false names, such as union, which is the color of adultery in relationships without the house, not a legitimate link, not responsible for what may be produced by descendants or by abortions .. the names of other types of marriage to cover that loss.



        It is also the result of unemployment and the delay of frustration, some young people turn to drugs of all kinds, or the means of cheap entertainment, escape or attempted escape, where are tight, and at the same time not found the money to be spent on drugs and recreation use the wrong methods to obtain this money.



        Of course, all this can accompany a feeling of discontent in society and the state, leaving them with no loss solutions .. This discontent may be at least some of the young. And all this has been exploited by some of the bodies that stand against the state and governance, in order to give rise to feelings, and trying to mobilize the hearts of young people in the direction of shows.



        It is probably the result of unemployment also many young people think about migration in search of a livelihood, without waiting to consider the migration of people, and in front of this thought, some brokers of illegal immigration, who led youth in flight is guaranteed return, the results of the collapse of many without reaching its destination, and offers some of the youth establish operations on behalf of immigration!Types of unemployment:Most economic and social studies on the phenomenon of unemployment consistent, patterns and forms of unemployment are not fixed or end, but they are a changing and constantly renewed, according to aspects of attention from researchers based in the classification rule in the study of the phenomenon of unemployment, and according to the duration of unemployment experienced by groups stagnated. The forms can be divided into the following types of unemployment: 1. The first pattern: the division of unemployment depending on the mode of operation, the three modes are: a. Open unemployment open unemployment is intended to "open unemployment" if the crash apparently suffered by the part of the available labor force, ie, a number of physical and willing conditions and researchers with him in vain individuals prevailing wages, and who are in a state of complete shock not practice any work for longer or shorter depending on the circumstances of the national economy, such as graduate unemployment period. B. The underemployment or partial unemployment and underemployment mean a situation in which a person carries on business, but less normal working time or desirable time. Therefore included in the broad sense of the presence of a group of people working for hours or days less than desired, and work through contracts differ from what is desirable, and working in places that do not are suitable for operation and production, usually less than other business. C. disguised or hidden unemployment disguised unemployment are those situation where a large number of workers are crowded together in a way that the real need for action and then have their production or win or exploit their skills and abilities in an understated way . This is the most insidious of unemployment, especially in developing countries, since Sideflip of low production in the work. 2. Type II: the division of unemployment according to the nature of economic activity prevailing in three patterns: a. Frictional (technical) unemployment Frictional unemployment a condition that occurs when some people hanging, which may be a demand for workers is not saturated yet; because these unemployed workers are not eligible for the needs of this application. Surge -aadh- this type of unemployment due to the substitution of machines replace workers in some industries, or the difficulty of training in companies that have never trained, and demand in the labor market is growing. B. Cyclical unemployment Cyclical unemployment ie arising as a result of economic cycles are well known in the integrated economic activity; When a transient decrease occurs in the demand for goods, which forced the factory owners to reduce the number of workers or reduce their hours. C. Structural unemployment (structural) Structural Unemployment and meant the kind of disorder that affects the part of the workforce, due to the structural changes occurring in the national economy, and lead to a case of a mismatch between the employment opportunities and the qualifications and experience of the unemployed who want to work and researchers about workers. He spoke of structural unemployment due to a change in the demand for goods and products structure, or a change in the user technical art, or changes in the labor market itself. 3. Type III: unemployment division according to their nature: a. Seasonal unemployment seasonal unemployment ie unemployment, which occur mainly in the agricultural sector due to seasonal agricultural production. Agriculture has become a career for some time, especially since the small size of the holding by the fragmentation of tenure led to the reduction of agricultural employment. It can occur in some industries in the field due to seasonal changes in economic activity as a result of circumstances or changes that occur in consumption patterns. B. Optional Unemployment Unemployment voluntary, in which case the individual hang voluntarily and by choice, when submitting his resignation from work, either because he or reluctance preference for leisure, either because they are looking for the best work offers a remuneration higher and better working conditions, or willingly withdraw from the labor market, Takfir wal Hijra as groups that refuse to work in government. C. Unemployment Forced and Involuntary Unemployment situation where the worker hanging Store forced either involuntary or elected, and spoke of road workers lay in palaces with the worker willing to work (like the phenomenon of compulsory retirement advance) and is capable of it and is subject to the level prevailing wage. Compulsory unemployment may occur when new entrants in the labor market can not find employment opportunities, but seriously its research, and capacity, and the level of acceptance of the prevailing wage. This type of unemployment clearly prevails in the league stages of the recession in industrialized, or in the case of privatization of public enterprises and enterprises in the national economy countries. The embodiments of unemployment is not an end goal or an end in itself, but its usefulness in providing a factual and realistic forms existing high unemployment to contribute to an accurate diagnosis for her, then deeper and Full of each of its elements and dimensions of analysis, which helps in the development of scientific visualization to address the implications and mitigation.

History of Germany

History of Germany

 

History of Germany
Between 1815 - 1866 formed the so-called German Balkonfdralah, then the German Empire (1871 - 1918) and then the Weimar Republic (1919 - 1933) was followed by the rule of Hitler and the establishment of Nazi Germany (1933 - 1945), which ended at the end of the Second World War and the loss of Germany and the destruction of most of its infrastructure. War also resulted in the division of Germany between the two camps of the Soviet Communist and Western liberal camp became Germany consists of West Germany or the Federal Republic of Germany and East Germany, or DDR Democratic Republic of Germany. Division continued until 1990, which saw the collapse of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet UnionGermanic ethnic supposedly emerged during the Northern Bronze Age, or at the latest during the pre-Roman Iron Age. Southern Scandinavia and northern Germany, the tribes began in the south and east and westward expansion in the first century BC, the Celts contact with tribes Algolah as well as Iranian tribes, Baltic, Slavic and Eastern Europe. Not much is known about the early German history, only through historical facts recorded to interact with the Romanian Empire Under the leadership of the Roman general Caesar Augustus invade Germania (began a term used by the Romans to the definition of land that stretches roughly from the Rhine to the Ural Mountains), and in this period was the Germanic tribes wrestle with the Romans to maintain tribal identity to their tribes. Modern Germany, stretching between the Rhine and the Danube, Romania remained outside the empire. With the year 100 AD, Germanic tribes settled along the Rhine and the Danube River, and occupies an area of ​​more than modern Germany. Third century has witnessed the emergence of a large number of West Germanic tribes such as: Alolamaon, Franks, Alkhatyon, Saxons, Frisians and Altorangion. About the year 260, the Germanic peoples broke lime and the Danube River on the border in territory controlled by the Romanian EmpireMiddle agesThe Charlemagne or Charles the Great (Karl der Große), who hails from the Germanic tribes to establish the Kingdom of the Franks. Then Caesar was crowned as the first Western Empire (800 AD), he contended that the revival of the Romanian empire that spent by barbarians three centuries ago. However, the nascent empire did not last long, after the latter's death his three sons sharing Kingdom, only two of these kingdoms Amrta, the Kingdom of the West Franks (Westfrankenreich), known after the name of France, and the Kingdom of the East Franks (Ostfrankenreich), which formed what is now Germany.Otto I conquers the king of Italy Berngr (h manuscript 1200 m)According to the current norms is considered the date of February 2 962 m agree with the birth of either known today in Germany, in this day, the same was crowned King Otto I the Great (Otto I.) His Kingdom East Frankish emperor or tsar on the country and held ceremonies coronation in Rome as was the case with Charles the great.Western Frankish kingdom evolved into a national state -vrence-, while provincial leaders dominated in the Eastern Kingdom on land and boarded it. Despite attempts by the Tsar to regain control of the territory of the Kingdom, the continued disintegration process and the independence of the provinces in what became called a formality Romania Germanic Holy Empire (Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation), and formed cities declared its independence and sovereignty. I knew that the name of the free imperial cities (Freie Reichsstadt). Despite the reforms and the Thirty Years War or the emperor remained Tsar ruled only nominally.The monk Martin Luther publishing theses of 95 in 1517, and challenged the Romanian Catholic Church practices, and initiate Albrocstanti.alknysh Lutheran separate reform became the official religion in many German states after the year 1530. The religious conflict of the Thirty Years War from 1618 to 1648, which was destroyed in the land German . The number of the population of the German states by about 30% because of the war. In 1648 a Peace of Westphalia and has a religious war ended in the German states, but in fact was divided into many independent Emirates and the US EmpireFirst Reich and the German FederationNaming Reich appeared for the first time in 962, after the coronation of Otto I the Great, who, relying on Reich East Franconia region. 1512 year Reich became the name of the Holy Roman Reich of the German Nation, as an expression of succession Tsar old Romanian Empire, and also to express the sacred character of Caesar. This Reich has lasted for more than eight centuries until the reign of France second.Germany, Franz was second (Franz II lasted divided into independent principalities and the US until 1806) tsar Austria (since 1804) also carry the title of Germanic Emperor (monopolized the family Alhbsburg this title centuries ago). Napoleon began his campaign to Europe, and was able to post threats and pressures to force Frantz second to relinquish his throne Germanic. This event served as the death of the first empire founded by the great Otto certificate. When the invasion of the country, Napoleon spent on the independence of the big cities (the number of free cities amounted to about eighty 80 cities), and contributed, albeit inadvertently pushed into the path of unity. Re Vienna (Wiener Kongress Conference) emphasis on this unit, agreed to 38 of these cities (German) on the contract, including the Union, was formed German Association (Deutscher Bund) was placed under the management of Austria temporarily.After the 1848 revolution, the region's rising power and valuable Prussia began a violent struggle with major Germanic powers: Austria. Stated goal is the control of the German Association. Conflict eventually led to the outbreak of the war, the German-German (Deutsch-Deutscher Krieg) between the two countries in 1866. War tipped Prussia. Association has been resolved and included all the cities north of the Association and the anti-Prussia to the latter. Was that the shrinking number of independent cities, in contrast, increased the scope of the Prussian state.New German UnionNew German Union began to take shape at an accelerated pace, Prussia was leading the operation, led by Bismarck, encompassing both Petty and the German cities north of the old German Empire. Then the German-French war in 1870/71, and was the triumph of Prussia again became the main force in Europe. King of Prussia Wilhelm I (Wilhelm I) declared himself tsar on Germany. This period, known as the Second Empire. Although these tried to show itself as a successor for the first Empire (founded by Otto I), but the two countries' border were different. New Empire annexed new land, including Russia itself, these were not among the first state, and then, starting in 1880 acquired Germany on many colonies in Africa and Asia.With the November Revolution (1918) ended the era of the monarchy in both Germany and Austria together. Isolate the Tsar and Germany became a democratic parliamentary republic. After the Versailles conference, several German regions truncated in favor of the victorious Allies, Alsace-Lorraine (Elsaß-Lothringen) annexed to France, Belgium got Oeben-Malmedy County (Eupen-Malmedy), part of the Cassadg (Schleswig) went to Denmark, counties Posen (Posen) and East Prussia (Westpreußen) and the surrounding areas are all Zht to Poland, also obtained other emerging countries on other areas like Lithuania and Cklovakia. Finally shared by France and Britain, the German colonies in Africa and the world.Known as the Weimar Republic (Weimarer Republik), which is the name given to the German government for the period between the wars, known as a shift from democratic governance to authoritarian rule, he was the republic to get rid of restrictions and conditions laid down by the Treaty of Versailles, which led to the difficult economic conditions. All of these conditions have created the necessary climate for the arrival of Adolf Hitler to power by the year 1933. The latter has created a tool that enabled him to reach the goal, the German National Socialist Labor Party (Nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Arbeiterpartei) and who later shortened to "Nazi"